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The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date. In order to determine which is the fixed currency when neither currency is on the above list (i. This reduces rounding issues and the need to use excessive numbers of decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule: for example, the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies. It is the ratio of the number of units of a given country's currency necessary to buy a market basket of goods in the other country, after acquiring the other country's currency in the foreign exchange market, to the number of units of the given country's currency that would be necessary to buy that market basket directly in the given country. There are various ways to measure RER. For example, the purchasing power of the US dollar relative to that of the euro is the dollar price of a euro (dollars per euro) times the euro price of one unit of the market basket (euros/goods unit) divided by the dollar price of the market basket (dollars per goods unit), and hence is dimensionless. This is the exchange rate (expressed as dollars per euro) times the relative price of the two currencies in terms of their ability to purchase units of the market basket (euros per goods unit divided by dollars per goods unit). If all goods were freely tradable, and foreign and domestic residents purchased identical baskets of goods, purchasing power parity (PPP) would hold for the exchange rate and GDP deflators (price levels) of the two countries, and the real exchange rate would always equal 1. The rates provided in this report are not meant to be used by the general public for conducting foreign currency conversion transactions. 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Authors test the suggested model on high- frequency time series data of USD/CAD and examine the ability to forecast exchange rate values for the horizon of one day. To determine the forecasting efficiency, they perform a comparative statistical out- of- sample analysis of the tested model with autoregressive models and the standard neural network. They also incorporate genetic algorithm as an optimizing technique for adapting parameters of ANN which is then compared with standard backpropagation and backpropagation combined with K- means clustering algorithm. Finally, the authors find out that their suggested hybrid neural network is able to produce more accurate forecasts than the standard models and can be helpful in eliminating the risk of making the bad decision in decision- making process. Profits or losses accrue as the exchange rate of that currency fluctuates on the open market. It is extremely rare that individual traders actually see the foreign currency. Instead, they typically close out their buy or sell commitments and calculate net gains or losses based on price changes in that currency relative to the dollar over time. The participants include large banks, multinational corporations, governments, and speculators. Individual traders comprise a very small part of this market. Because of the volatility in the price of foreign currency, losses can accrue very rapidly, wiping out an investor’s down payment in short order. It has to pay suppliers in other countries with a currency different from its home country’s currency. The home country is where a company is headquartered. The firm is likely to be paid or have profits in a different currency and will want to exchange it for its home currency. Even if a company expects to be paid in its own currency, it must assess the risk that the buyer may not be able to pay the full amount due to currency fluctuations. You can convert currencies and precious metals with this currency calculator. 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Use Air. Print to print from your i. Phone, i. Pad, or i. Pod touch. Learn how to print from your i. Phone, i. Pad, or i. Pod touch to an Air. Print- enabled printer. Before you begin. Make sure that your i. OS device and your printer are connected to the same Wi- Fi network and you're within range. Check that your printer supports Air. Print. View a print job. To view a print job, double- click the Home button and tap Print Center. Cancel a print job. Official description is as follows. What’s Spirit? Spirit is an untethered jailbreak for iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch on the latest firmwares. Spirit is not a. The iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch are all WiFi enabled and can be used with Optimum WiFi to access the Internet. Optimum WiFi will enable you to access your favorite. To cancel a print job, double- click the Home button, tap Print Center, then tap Cancel Printing. Get help if you can't print to your Air. Print Printer. Check these things if you see the message . Air. Print devices connected to the USB port of an Apple Air. The iPhone and iPod touch are revolutionary devices which can perform a seemingly unlimited amount of tasks, but some new users may not be aware they can do even more. IPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch Secrets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUz8ngGbWuU. Get free engraving, and choose signature gift wrapping when you buy iPod touch online. View iPod touch and pricing. IJailbreak . What does it do? This application converts the iPhone / iPod Touch backups that are created by iTunes into readily usable Mac OS X files. It is designed to run on Mac. Edit Article wiki How to Download Applications to Your iPod Touch. Two Methods: From Your iPod Touch From Your Computer Community Q&A. Have you ever seen someone else. Port Base Station or Air. Port Time Capsule, or to your computer using Bluetooth connection, can’t use Air. Print. After you turn on your printer, wait a few minutes before you try to print. Some printers might take a minute or two after powering on before joining your network. Information about products not manufactured by Apple, or independent websites not controlled or tested by Apple, is provided without recommendation or endorsement. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the selection, performance, or use of third- party websites or products. Apple makes no representations regarding third- party website accuracy or reliability. Risks are inherent in the use of the Internet. Contact the vendor for additional information. Other company and product names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Published Date: Dec 6, 2. How should I set up my home network? You just bought your second computer. Perhaps you purchased a new laptop, a tablet, a new machine for your spouse, or maybe just another machine for yourself. Perhaps you just want to connect your smartphone via Wi- Fi when you’re at home to reduce the usage of your mobile data plan. You’d like to be able to connect them all to the internet, and it’d also be nice to be able to share things, like printers or extra disk space, among your machines. You, my friend, need a LAN, or Local Area Network. There are lots of ways to set one up; I’ll review the basic setup for the most common case. How to Add “Network Connections” Shortcut in Desktop Context Menu in Windows Vista and Later. In this tutorial, we'll learn how to add "Network Connections.Instead, they can access each other's resources directly through a simple point-to-point wireless connection. How to Set Up an Ad-Hoc Network. The devices that are. Already have a network, but not sure how to grow it? I’ll look at that, too. Wired Ethernet. The basis of your LAN will be ethernet. The word has a very specific technical meaning, but in common use, it’s simply the technology behind 9. Most computers now come already equipped with an ethernet adapter – it’s the squarish hole that accepts what looks like an oversized North American modular phone jack. Your broadband connection being cable, DSL, or something else will first go through some kind of device typically called a modem (again, somewhat technically inaccurate, but it’s the common term). The modem’s job is to convert the broadband signal to ethernet. You’ll connect that ethernet from your broadband modem to a broadband router. Routers control two important things – as the name implies, they “route” information between computers on your LAN and between those computers and the broadband connection to the internet. The other important function (if you get what’s called a NAT router) is that they provide a very efficient firewall – protecting the computers on your LAN from many of the dangers of the internet. As a side effect, a NAT router allows you to share a single broadband connection among multiple computers and other networked devices. Each of your computers will need an ethernet adapter and most will already have them. An ethernet cable will run from each computer to the router and another cable will connect the router to the modem. Important: Some ISPs provide a combined modem/router. That means that the two separate devices – the modem and the router – are simply placed into a single box. Your external connection goes in one connection, and one or more ethernet ports are provided to which you connect your devices. Each computer connected to this network will also need to support the TCP/IP communications protocol. TCP/IP is the fundamental “language” of communication on the internet – in fact, the IP stands for “Internet Protocol.” Windows includes TCP/IP support, by default. Unfortunately, configuration specifics for your router’s connection to the internet are unique to both your ISP or broadband provider and the specific model of router that you are using, so I can’t cover that in detail here. You’ll need to check with your ISP and your router’s documentation. As for the router’s connection to your individual devices, the default configurations of both the router and most current devices will typically work. Wireless from the start. Most laptops and portable devices (and even a few desktops) support wireless connection via a technology known as Wi. Fi. Wi. Fi is a short- range wireless technology that you need to provide on your LAN, if you want to be able to use it. The most common approach lately is to simply include wireless capabilities in your network from the start by using a wireless router. The wireless router combines the functions of two devices: the router, just as we saw before, and a wireless access point. A wireless access point, occasionally abbreviated WAP, is simply a network device that converts the wired ethernet signals into wireless Wi. Fi signals and vice- versa. Wireless routers are actually more common than their wired- only counterparts in the home and small business networking market. In fact, even if you don’t have a wireless device today, I typically recommend getting a wireless router anyway for future expansion. And once again, some ISPs will provide a combined device: a wireless router modem, which includes the functions of three separate devices: the modem, the router and the wireless access point. Adding wireless to an existing network. If you have an existing wired network using a wired- only router and you want to expand that network to include wireless, you have two options: Replace the wired- only router with a wireless router. Add a wireless access point to your network. Note: Getting an additional wireless router is not on that list. You do not need two routers. If you have a router that you want to keep, you can simply add a wireless access point. A wireless access point is simply a device that you plug into your existing router as if it were another computer. HomeGroups lets you connect to files and. A home network allows you to both share a single internet connection as well as share data and devices between multiple devices. I'll review the basics components of. Learn how to set up and troubleshoot your Network Extender from Samsung. It is not uncommon for a family to have more than one computer in the household today. According to infoplease.com, 73 percent of men and 72 percent of women use. How to change keyboard language in Windows. If you need to type in a foreign language on your computer, you can do so by changing the input language (i.e. In a sense, it “represents” your wireless computers to the router. Dealing with network growth. The number of internet- connected devices that we now deal with is pretty amazing. Unfortunately, it’s pushing the limits of some of our network connectivity. Wireless is easy. A typical wireless router or router with a wireless access point can easily handle dozens of devices connected wirelessly. Wired devices, however, present a different problem. Many home routers – wired or wireless – come with only a limited number of connections. It’s not uncommon for there to be exactly five connections: one for the internet (“WAN” or modem) and then four for networked devices. The problem is that it’s not uncommon now to want to have more than four wired devices. If all you have is a four- port router, adding that fifth device looks like a problem. The simple solution is a switch. A switch. 1 is a semi- intelligent network extender. Its job is simply to make sure that data coming in on any port is sent to the correct other port to reach its intended destination. That’s really all it is. All ports on a switch are equal. In the example above, one port of the switch is connected to one of the ports on the router to which a computer might have been connected. Other computers are then connected to the switch. Switches come in many sizes and often add much more than just a few ports. Common configurations for the home include eight or 1. Networking can get crazy. What I’ve described above are the common scenarios that apply to the home and small businesses. Those are the simple cases. Adding multiple wireless access points, extending networks over larger distances, adding additional layers of perhaps security or functionality can all add complexity. Complexity right up to the internet itself, which (when you get right down to it) is built of not much more than the very same building blocks we’ve talked about here. Oh, they might be bigger, faster, and incredibly more expensive, but the concepts are basically the same. But if all you want to to is share an internet connection with a few devices at home, in most cases, your setup can remain pretty simple.(This is an update to an article originally published March 1. How to Add “Network Connections” Shortcut in Desktop Context Menu in Windows Vista and Later. In this tutorial, we'll learn how to add . Type regedit in RUN or Start Menu search box and press Enter. It'll open Registry Editor. Now go to: HKEY. Now we'll need to create a new key under . Right- click on . Give the new key name . Now right- click on the new key which we created in step 3 and select . Give the new key name of command. In right- side pane, change value of . Now you'll have . To set the icon, select the key created in Step 3 and in right- side pane, create a new String value . Set its value to ncpa. To set its position in the context menu, create a new String value . 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Troubleshooting wireless and Bluetooth® issues. If you have a mouse and keyboard and they are both wireless. For some computers that have Windows Vista. But it's another thing to troubleshoot. 11n for the wireless network adapter in Windows Vista. Wireless Adapter For VistaIn the case of Vista Network troubleshooting, my #1 tip is to use the “bottom up approach” to network troubleshooting to attempt to solve your network issue prior to going into real “vista OS” troubleshooting. So what is the “bottom up approach”? If you look at the OSI Model, you will see that it is a layered model that represents all the different parts which make up a network. The “bottom” layer is usually the physical layer. Think of physical layer as the cabling, NIC interfaces, switches, and electric signals that go across the wire. If you start your troubleshooting at that bottom layer (the physical layer) and move up the OSI model you will go through the Data- Link layer (usually the Ethernet protocol), the Network Layer (usually the IP Network), Transport Layer (TCP), and all the way up to the Application layer (layer 1). My point is to start your troubleshooting by checking for physical connectivity. Here are some questions to ask yourself: Is my network cable connected? Do I have a link light on the NIC? Does Windows see my NIC and see it as connected? Does the Ethernet switch have power and show a link light? Whether you have a wired or wireless connection, the questions are the same (or similar). Take for example this Vista Wireless network connection status: Figure 1: Vista Wireless Connection Status. You want to look at the “media state”. In this case, the media is wireless but the important thing is that it is enabled. If you are attempting to connect to a wireless network, make sure that you are actually connected to a network. You can click on Connect to a Network to either connect or disconnect from a wireless or dialup network. On a computer with a physical Ethernet connection, you are going to look for the same thing. Take for example this Windows 2. Server with an Ethernet NIC: Figure 2: Windows 2. Media Stat. On this server, you can see that the Ethernet media on the wired LAN connection is enabled and you can see that the speed is 1. Gbps. If you can verify these things, more on up the OSI model until you find the issue. The old network admin joke about the OSI model is that the non- existent 8th layer of the model is the “end user” and that they are many time the issue. Many of these other things will fall into the category of testing various layers of the OSI model but, as with most networking tools, they apply to the testing of the Network & Transport layers which cover TCP/IP.#2: IP Addressing. Let us say that you checked your media state and your link light and you have physical network connectivity. Moving on up the OSI model, we will skip the datalink layer (layer 2) as Ethernet MAC addressing is usually not an issue and move to IP addressing (layer 3). At this point, you need to check your IP addressing in to ensure that: You have a real IP address (not an automatically assigned IP address)Your IP address is correct and matches your network & default gateway addresses. You have default gateway and DNS Server IP addresses defined. To do this, open the Network and Sharing Center and assuming you have a connection, click on the View Status for your connected network interface. Figure 3: Viewing the Status of your Connection. Then click on Details to see the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS Servers. If you take a look at the details for the connection in Figure 4, notice that this connection has no default gateway or DNS servers. Figure 4: Connection without a default gateway or DNS Servers. Lack of these will certainly prevent you from really using your network connection as normal. Of course, neither of these are required but most of us want to communicate outside of our local LAN. A default gateway is required for that. Also, most of us want to communicate with servers by name (such as using www. DNS Server IP’s are required for that. Of course, you can also do an IPCONFIG /ALL to check all your IP settings, like this: Figure 5: Results of IPCONFIG /ALLPerhaps you did not receive these settings because your adaptor is not using DHCP. Even if you do have a valid IP address, default gateway, and DNS Servers, you should ping these to ensure that you can really communicate with them.#3: Windows Vista Diagnose and Repair. Fortunately for those who do not want to get into troubleshooting, Vista does offer the automatic Diagnose and Repair of network connections. Us IT Adminstrators can also use this as the “shotgun approach” to solving our problem quicker without getting into trying all sorts of things. To use diagnose and repair, just open the Network and Sharing Center and click on Diagnose and Repair. Figure 6: Diagnose and Repair. Note: Vista help also calls diagnose and repair “Network Diagnostics”. This tool will go through and check your network connection to identify problems. Firewalls are used to filter inbound and outbound network connections. Firewalls could be local on your Vista computer or they could be out on the network, filtering inbound or outbound connections to/from the Internet. Of course if the firewall is out on our LAN that is beyond the scope of this article. As for firewalls on your local Vista computer, you can even have more than one but the first one (if you installed a 3rd party firewall). However, the first thing that you want to check is the Windows Vista Firewall that is installed and enabled by default. It is unlikely that the Vista Firewall is blocking all network access. It is more likely that it is blocking just certain inbound or outbound network connections for specific applications. While it is risky on a public shared network to disable your firewall, one of the first things that I usually do when I get to this point is to just turn off the Vista Firewall to see if your problem is resolved. If it is, you can re- enable the Vista Firewall and then troubleshoot it to determine what port you need to allow your network traffic through. To disable or add exceptions for the Windows Firewall, just click on Windows Firewall inside the Network and Sharing Center. At this point, you can view its status. Figure 7: Checking the Windows Firewall. We can see that the Windows Firewall is enabled and that means that inbound connections that do not have an exception will be blocked. We can see that we should get a notification when a program is blocked. To try disabling the firewall or creating an exception, click Change Settings and you will see this: Figure 8: Changing Windows Firewall Settings. Here you can turn the firewall Off, view/modify exceptions with the Exceptions tab, or look at advanced features. Besides the Windows Firewall, if you are having trouble accessing computers on your local network, you need to check your Network Discovery settings. To do this, go to Network and Sharing. Center and scroll down to the Sharing and Discovery section. Check your settings for things like Network Discovery, File Sharing, and others. Figure 9: Sharing and Discovery#5: Use Common Sense Network Troubleshooting. While I have offered a number of technical troubleshooting tools, one of the things that more often than not is missed, is just using what I call “common sense” when it comes to troubleshooting network issues. Here are some common sense tips: Did you or someone else change something that could have caused this new networking issue? Are you even connected to the network? Are you assuming that all network connectivity is lost when really it is just one server or application that is not functioning? And if you change one thing that does not fix your issue, change that thing back to where it was before changing something else. Conclusion. You WILL be troubleshooting Vista Networking issues if you use Vista. It is not a matter of “if” but a matter of “when”. I recommend that you keep these 5 Tips to Troubleshoot Windows Vista Networking Issues handy for the next time you have a Vista networking issue. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
October 2017
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